Eruptions until 1900 (revised on 14 September 2003)

The following list is based on various sources, including the Smithsonian Institution's "Volcanoes of the World" (1994 edition), the most recent existing geological map of Etna compiled by Romano et al. (1979), the phantastic monograph "Mount Etna: The Anatomy of a Volcano" by Chester et al. (1985), and the meticulous reconstruction of historical eruptions of Tanguy (1981), Tanguy & Patanè (1996), and Tanguy et al. (1999). Additional information was communicated personally by J.-C- Tanguy. Eruptions that occurred before the birth of Christ (B.C.) are shown with a "-" (minus) before the date; the first five eruptions have been dated by the C14 technique. Eruptions marked with a question mark in brackets "(?)" are uncertain, while the dates of those with a simple question mark are uncertain (uncertainties are dicussed for each event and are shown in italic). Flank eruptions (including uncertain events) are highlighted by red font color. Volumes are given (where possible) for eruptions since 1600. It is evident from this compilation that flank eruptions were much better documented than summit activity; after 1600 the record for flank eruptions is reasonably complete.

• -6190 +/-200 yr
• -5140 +/-150 yr
• -4150 +/-150 yr
• -3510 +/-150 yr
• -2330 +/-100 yr
• -1500 +/- 50 yr. This eruption probably caused damage and forced the local population to flee
• -735 (?)
• -695 +/-2 (or -693?). This eruption possibly built the cone Mompilieri, west of Nicolosi. However, the lava flow dated -693 in the geological map by Romano et al. (1979) is presumably of prehistorical age (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• August -475 until -476. Eruption caused damage
• March -425 or -424. Vent area unknown, but lava flowed to the north of Catania, causing damage
• Between June and August -396 or -394. Eruption on the southeastern flank (?); lava flow passes immediately north of Acireale and enters the sea near S. Maria la Scala. Some sources attribute the large cone of Monte Gorna, near the village of Monterosso, to this eruption
• -350?
• -141 or -140. Eruption caused damage
• -135
• before June -126
• -122. A violently explosive summit eruption which causes heavy tephra falls to the south-southeast, and many roofs of buildings in Catania collapse. Tephra volume: about 1 km³ (Coltelli et al., 1998). Historical accounts reporting an eruption in 122 B.C. on the lower SE flank (Monte Serra or Monte Trigona) and a flank lava flow are doubtful
• -61 (?)
• -56 (?)
• -49
• March (?) -44. Eruption caused damage, ash falls on Catania
• between June and August -36
• -32 or -31
• around -10
• between 38 and 40 A.D.
• 80?

Note: Between about A.D. 100 and A.D. 1100, documentation of Etna's eruptive activity is extremely sketchy. On the one hand, the few events that are commonly attributed to that period are doubtful (Tanguy et al., 1999), but on the other hand, palaeomagnetic dating of numerous lava flows and pyroclastic deposits (including products that were attributed to much more recent eruptions) has revealed a considerable quantity of non-documented eruptions during this period. These events are included (entirely in italic font) in the following section of the list.

• ~200. A small pyroclastic cone to the WSW of the Monti Silvestri, dated "1537" in the Geological Map (Romano et al., 1979), was probably formed around this date (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• February 252 or 253? Eruption on the southern flank, damage to Catania, but flow stops just north of the town. The lavas flow attributed to this eruption are probably of older but unconstrained age (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~350. The Mompeloso (Nicolosi) lava flow, attributed to the A.D. 252-253 eruption by Romano et al. (1979), was probably erupted at this date and is therefore about 100 years younger. This lava is not the same as the "A.D. 252-253" lava near Catania, which is older (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 417?
• ~450. A lava flow outcropping near the cemetery of Bronte (to the south of the town) on the western flank and dated "17th century?" by Romano et al. (1979) was probably erupted at this time (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~500. A lava flow near Ciacca, to the south of Monte Vetore on the lsouthern flank, and shown as being of the "12th century" in the Geological Map of Romano et al. (1979) was probably erupted at the beginning of the 6th century A.D. (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~600. The Monte Lepre lava flow (western flank), tentatively attributed to the 17th century by Romano et al. (1979), is probably about 1000 years older (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~600. The Monte Solfizio pyroclastic cone (a small, horseshoe-shaped pyroclastic cone on the SSE flank, near the source of the 1792-1793 lava flow) and associated lava flow (probably the one lying to the east of Monte Salto del Cane), which are shown as prehistoric on the Geological Map of Romano et al. (1979), were probably erupted at this time (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 644 (?)
• 750. A lava flow attributed to the 1689 eruption on the eastern flank (Romano et al., 1979) might be actually of this age, or correspond to an eruption in 1651 (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~800. A lava flow to the north of the village of Trecastagni, dated "1408" by Romano et al. (1979), was probably erupted 600 years earlier (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 812? Eruption vents south of Monte Sona (possibly Monte Arso). The lava flow attributed to this eruption seems to be slightly younger, dated at about A.D. 1000 (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 814 (?)
• 859 (?)
• 911 (?)
• ~950. The lower portion of the large lava field on the northwestern flank, dated "1536" by Romano et al. (1979), is probably of this age (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~970. Monte Pizzillo, a large pyroclastic cone on the Northeast Rift that was in part removed by violent explosive activity during the 1879 eruption, probably formed at around this time (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• ~1000. The pyroclastic cone of Monte Sona on the southern flank and the associated lava field (dated "812" by Romano et al., 1979) were probably formed at this time (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1004 (?)
• ~1020. The "Scorciavacca" lava flow on the lower northeastern flank, dated "1651" by Romano et al. (1979), is probably 650 years older (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1044 (?)
• ~1050. The large lava field at the Ionian coast near the village of Stazzo and further upslope on the ESE flank, at Lineri and Monte Ilice near the village of Fleri (attributed to the 1329 eruption by Romano et al., 1979), was probably erupted at this time, not in 1329 (Tanguy et al., 1999) - the 1329 eruption occurred actually at Monterosso, a little further south. The source cone of the A.D. ~1050 eruption was Monte Ilice
• ~1060. The lower portion of the "Gallo Bianco" lava flow field on the southwestern flank, attributed to an eruption in 1595 by Romano et al. (1979), was probably erupted at this time (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• between 1062 and 1064. Eruption possibly on the WSW flank
• 1157
• 1160. This date (and the dates of 1157 and/or 1164) corresponds to the age of a lava flow that was dated "1381" by Romano et al. (1979), which issued from an eruptive fissure near the village of Mascalucia on the SSE flank and entered the sea at Ognina, now occupied by the northeastern part of Catania (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1164
• February 1169 (?). This eruption may be a confusion with the devastating tectonic earthquake that shook eastern Sicily at about the same time, causing at least 15,000 deaths
• ~1180. The large lava flow near Linguaglossa on the northeastern flank, attributed to an eruption in 1566 by Romano et al. (1979), was probably erupted during this period (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1194
• ~1200. The upper portion of the "Gallo Bianco" lava flow field on the southwestern flank, attributed to an eruption in 1595 by Romano et al. (1979), was probably erupted at this time (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1222
• 1250. This date corresponds to the palaeomagnetic age of a lava flow on the SSW flank (Monte Vetore-Serra la Nave area), dated by Romano et al. (1979) at 1536 (Tanguy et al., 1999).
• 1284-1285. Eruption on the eastern flank. A lava flow attributed to that date is probably prehistorical (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• June-August 1329. Eruption on the southeastern flank (possibly near Monte Ilice); damage in the Fleri-Viagrande area. Tanguy & Patanè, 1996, attribute this eruption to the Monterosso cone. The lava flow attributed to that eruption by Romano et al. (1979), near the village of Stazzo on the Ionian coast and at Linera, was probably erupted around A.D. 1050, but that indicated as "1334" on the geological map was probably erupted in 1329 (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1334. Eruption builds the cone of Monterosso, where later the village of the same name was built. Lava flows towards east. Tanguy & Patanè (1996) say this eruption actually occurred in 1329
• 1350
• 5 August 1381. Eruption on the southeastern flank, possibly near Mascalucia, and lava flows into the sea to the north of Catania, in the area now occupied by Ognina, the northeastern part of the city. This eruption had the lowest vents of all flank eruptions (at about 350-450 m elevation). According to Tanguy (1981) the eruption from the fissure near Mascalucia did not occur in 1381, but about 200 years earlier. Recent palaeomagnetic dating yielded an eruption date of around 1160 (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 8-25(?) November 1408. Eruption on the southeastern flank (north of Monte Arso), lava destroys Trecastagni and Pedara. A portion of the lava flow dated "1408" by Romano et al. (1979) near the village of Trecastagni was probably erupted around A.D. 800 (Tanguy et al., 1999); other parts of this lava field near Pedara and Contrada Ragala near Nicolosi may be of 1408 but this is uncertain (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 1444. Eruption on the southern flank, lava threatens but does not reach Catania. Tanguy & Patanè (1996) doubt this eruption took place, and the emplacement date(s) of the large lava flow field attributed to this eruption remains uncertain
• September 1446. Eruption on the eastern flank (Valle del Bove)
• 1493-
• 1535? Fissure eruption on the SW flank between 1800 and 2000 m, formation of Monte Nero degli Zappini. A portion of the relatively small lava field (about 0.5 km²) was covered by the lavas of 1780.
• March-April 1536. Eruption from vents on the southern and northwestern sides of the volcano. The eruption causes damage, and one man is killed near the eruptive vents (probably on the southern flank). The upper portion of a large lava flow on the northwestern flank, dated "1536" by Romano et al. (1979), was probably erupted in 1607, while its lower portion is of about A.D. 950 (Tanguy et al., 1999). A lava flow in the Monte Nero degli Zappini-Monte Vetore area, dated "1536" by Romano et al. (1979), was dated at about 1250 by Tanguy et al. (1999). The palaeomagnetic properties of a lava flow further downslope on the southern flank (Monte Manfrè-Monte Sona area), attributed to this eruption by Romano et al. (1979), fit with an eruption date of 1536 (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• March-July 1537. Eruption on the southern flank. Romano & Sturiale (1982) consider a small pyroclastic cone at about 1800 m elevation, half buried by the 1892 lava flow, the source of this eruption, but Tanguy et al. (1999) dated it at much earlier: about A.D. 200. The large lava field further downslope on the southern flank, between 550 and 1000 m, seems to be of this eruption, and its actual vents probably lie buried under the lavas of 1886 and 1892. The village of Nicolosi is destroyed by the lava flow
• July 1540
• July? 1541
• 1554 (?)
• November 1566. Eruption reported on the northeastern flank near Linguaglossa, damage. Tanguy (1981) states that the lava flow ascribed to the 1566 eruption on the geological map of Etna (Romano et al., 1979) is not of that eruption. Palaeomagnetic dating yielded an eruption date of about 1180 (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 9 September 1579 to 1580? Eruption on the southeastern (?) flank, damage
• 1595? Eruption on the southwestern flank threatens the town of Adrano, but the flow dated "1595" on the Geological Map (Romano et al., 1979) actually consists of two flows erupted at different ages: the "Gallo Bianco superiore" flow in about 1200 and the "Gallo Bianco inferiore" in about 1060 (Tanguy et al., 1999)

Note: From 1600 onward, the historical record of Etna's eruptions is reasonably complete, at least as far as flank eruptions are concerned. Yet, the distribution of lava flows and even the sites of a few eruptions (e.g., 1607, 1610, 1651-1653, and 1689) are still matter to revision (Tanguy et al., 1999) and discussed in italic font for the respective events. The record of summit activity is still much less complete. For example, very little description is given of the summit activity that followed the 1669 eruption and collapse of the summit cone, which must have been quite intense given that at the beginning of the 18th century a substantial new cone had built at the summit. Even during the late 1950s to mid 1960s, a period of continuous and vigorous summit eruptions, documentation in the scientific literature is poor, so that many events can be reconstructed only on the base of contemporary newspaper reporting!

• July 1603 to 1610. Summit eruptions with lava overflows in 1607 and 1610
• 28 June 1607. Eruption on the northwestern flank, above Monte Spagnolo. An eruption in 1607 is also said in many sources to have taken place on the southwestern flank, and a lava flow dated "1607" is shown in the 1979 geological map. That flow is actually of the 1610 eruption (Tanguy et al., 1999)
• 6 February-August 1610. Eruption on the southwestern flank, above Adrano; damage in forested areas (Pineta "La Sciambrita) and to vineyards. Lava flows were emitted from two fissures, a higher one starting on 6 Feb, and a lower one starting on 3 May. The lava flow field includes the lava attributed to an eruption in 1607 by Romano et al. (1979), based on palaeomagnetic study by Tanguy et al. (1999). Lava volume: 120 x 10⁶ m³
• July 1614 until 1624. Etna's longest and most voluminous historical flank eruption, on the northern and northwestern flank. Much of the enormous lava field (also known as the "Lava dei Dammusi") is pahoehoe and contains several spectacular lava tubes, including the ice-filled Grotta del Gelo. In spite of its sheer size and duration, this eruption is not known to have caused damage, since the lava did not extend far downslope but individual flows piled up one upon each other. Lava volume: more than one cubic kilometer (1 km³)
• 1633 (?). Earthquakes cause damage in Nicolosi; possibly no eruption
• December 1634 to April 1638. Eruption on the southeastern and SSE flank, damage in the area above Zafferana. Lava volume: 150 x 10⁶ m³
• February 1643. Eruption on the NNE flank, not far from the site of the much larger Monte Nero eruption three-and-a-half years later. This is probably one of the smallest flank eruptions of Etna (possibly with a lava volume of no more than 1 x 10⁶ m³), although some of its lavas lie buried below the 1646-1647 flow from Monte Nero.
• November 1646 until January 1647. Eruption on the NNE flank (Monte Nero), possibly several villages were destroyed. Lava volume: 190 x 10⁶ m³; tephra volume: 7 x 10⁶ m³
• January 1651 to 1653. Eruption on the western flank, lava partially destroys Bronte and causes damage. The lava flow-field has many areas of ropy pahoehoe, a rather rare lava type on Etna. Lava volume: 500 x 10⁶ m³. An eruption is also reported to have occurred in 1651 on the northeastern flank ("Lava di Scorciavacca"), but the corresponding lava flow shown in the Geological Map (Romano et al., 1979) is reported by Tanguy et al. (1999) to have been erupted around A.D. 1020, while a lava flow attributed to the 1689 eruption in the Geological Map might actually be of 1651
• 1654-1656. Summit eruptions
• 11 March to 15 July 1669. Etna's most devastating eruption, and one of its most violent and most voluminous historical flank eruptions. Pre-eruption seismicity destroys Nicolosi, then a fissure splits open from the summit down to the area immediately to the northwest of Nicolosi where a large pyroclastic cone (Monti Rossi) forms. Lava flows destroy up to 16 villages, among them Belpasso, S. Pietro Clarenza, Mascalucia, Camporotondo, Misterbianco, and partially S. Giovanni Galermo. The lava flow breaks through the city walls of Catania in two places and destroys several buildings, and enters the sea on the southern margin of the city where it forms a delta about 1.5 km wide. About two weeks after the beginning of the eruption the summit cone collapses. - In spite of the extensive damage caused by the eruption, there were no deaths. Lava volume: more than 800 x 10⁶ m³; tephra volume: 250 x 10⁶ m³
• September 1682. Eruption on eastern side of the summit
• 1688. Eruption east of the summit
• March 1689. Eruption on the eastern flank (Valle del Bove). Lava comes close to the village of Macchia, and several smaller villages were destroyed (doubtful reports); 4 people killed at an advancing lava front. A lava flow attributed to this eruption is shown in the Geological Map by Romano et al. (1979), but was palaeomagnetically dated at about 1650 or A.D. 750 (Tanguy et al., 1999) and might correspond to the Valle del Bove eruption reported for 1651
• December 1693 to November 1694. Summit activity. No eruption occurred at the time of the devastating tectonic earthquakes of January 1693 which killed up to 60,000 people, including two-thirds of the population of Catania
• March-May 1702. Eruption on the eastern flank. The distribution of lava is unknown
• 1723-1724, 1723-1733, 1735-1736, 1744-1745, 1747-1749, 1752-1758: Activity at the summit, building a new summit cone in the place of the collapse crater formed in 1669
• March 1755. Eruption on the eastern flank; the beginning of the eruption causes a lahar (meltwater flood/mudflow) that rushes down through the Valle del Bove and reaches the sea. Nothing is known about the extent of the lava flows, but the eruption was probably a minor event
• 1758-1759. Activity at the summit
• 6 February to 15 March 1763. Eruption on the western flank, forming the two cones Monte Mezza Luna and Monte Nuovo. Tanguy (1981) states that Monte Mezza Luna is older than 1763. Lava volume: 15 x 10⁶ m³; tephra volume: 2 x 10⁶ m³
• 18 June to 10 September 1763. Eruption on the southern flank, building the large cone Montagnola. The eruption is unusually explosive, and most of the lava forms a thick flow-field of many superposed, short flow lobes up to 1 km long. The lower part of the flow-field is buried under younger lavas. Lava volume: 65 x 10⁶ m³; tephra volume: 35 x 10⁶ m³
• 1764-1765. Eruption on the northwestern flank, forming a fan-shaped lava field extending down to about 1580 m elevation. The vents probably lay quite high on the NE Rift.
• 17 April to 6 November 1766. Eruption on the southern flank, building the cones named Monti Calcarazzi, south of the Montagnola (in 1892, the much larger Monti Silvestri were built up a short distance downslope). The eruption threatens Nicolosi. Lava volume: 115 x 10⁶ m³; tephra volume: at least 1 x 10⁶ m³
• 1767, 1770 (?), 1776: Activity at the summit
• 20 April to June 1780. Eruption on the SSW flank, between Monte Nero and Monte Nero degli Zappini. Lava flows towards the Ragalna area. This eruption is characterized by a very low degree of explosivity, building up only small spatter cones. Lava volume: 20 x 10⁶ m³
• 1781. Summit activity
• early June to mid-August 1787. One of the most spectacular summit eruptions on record; lava fountains reportedly rose up to 3000 m high. Lava flows extended several kilometers towards west and southwest, and possibly in other directions. The activity was probably similar to the summit eruptions in 1960 and 1964
• February-September 1791. Summit activity
• March-May 1792. Summit activity
• 25 May 1792 to late May 1793. Eruption on the ESE flank (Valle del Bove) and southeastern flank (outside the Valle del Bove). Lava comes close to Zafferana and causes damage to cultivated areas. Lava volume: 90 x 10⁶ m³
• 1797-1801. Summit activity. By this time the summit cone reached an elevation of about 3300 m, much the same as it is today. Growth since then has been lateral rather than vertical
• November 1802. Eruption on the eastern flank (Valle del Bove). Lava volume: 7 x 10⁶ m³
• 1802-1809. Summit activity
• 27 March to 9 April 1809. Eruption on the northeastern flank, damage. Lava volume: 30 x 10⁶ m³
• 1810. Summit activity
• 27 October 1811 to May 1812. Eruption on the eastern flank (Valle del Bove), forming Monte Simone, lava threatens Milo, possibly causes damage. Lava volume: 35 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 3 x 10⁶ m³
• 1816 (?). An eruption offshore Acicastello? (doubtful)
• 27 May to 1 August 1819. Eruption on the eastern flank (Valle del Bove). Lava volume: 50 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 4 x 10⁶ m³
• 1822, 1827, 1828-1832: Summit activity
• 31 October to 22 November 1832. Eruption on the western flank, lava flow comes close to the town of Bronte and causes damage to cultivated areas. Possibly several people killed in this eruption, but this is mentioned only in one source. Lava volume: 50 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 3 x 10⁶ m³
• 1833, 1838-1839, 1842: Summit activity, with lava flowing several kilometers downslope, especially in 1842
• 17-28 November 1843. Eruption on the western flank, from a spectacular fissure close to the 1832 vents. Lava flows through cultivated land south of Bronte. A sudden explosion caused by evaporation of a water body covered with lava kills 59 people and injures many others. Lava volume: 55 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 3 x 10⁶ m³
• 20 August 1852 to 27 May 1853. Eruption on the eastern flank (Valle del Bove), building two large cinder cones named Monti Centenari (in honor of the patron of Catania, Sant'Agata, who was martyred in 252 A.D.). Heavy ash falls are reported, and lava flows come very close to Zafferana and cause damage. Lava volume: 120 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 12 x 10⁶ m³
• 1857, 1863, 1864: Summit activity
• 30 January to 28 June 1865. Eruption on the northeastern flank, building the cones named Monti Sartorius (or Sartorio; in honor of Sartorius von Waltershausen who intensely studied Etna in the mid-19th century). Lava caused damage to cultivated land. Lava volume: 90 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 4 x 10⁶ m³
• 1868. Summit eruption with lava flows extending downslope
• 26 September 1869. Eruption from vents on the eastern side of the summit cone, lava flowed into Valle del Bove
• August 1874. Summit activity
• 29-31 August 1874. Eruption on the upper northern flank. Lava volume: 2 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 1 x 10⁶ m³
• 1878-1883. Summit activity. During this period:
• 26 May to 7 June 1879. Eruption on the NNE and SSW flanks (a rare case of a "bilateral" eruption). Very strong explosive activity on the NNW flank blasts two huge craters out of the eastern and northeastern side of Monte Pizzillo, which itself might have formed around A.D. 970. These craters are much more conspicuous than those named "Umberto e Margherita", which are commonly attributed to this eruption but are probably of the 1809 eruption (Tanguy, 1979). Heavy tephra falls affects the northern sector of the volcano. Lava on the northern flank comes close to the village of Passopisciaro, causes damage to cultivated land, and stops only 0.6 km from the Alcantara river. On the SSW flank, eruptive activity lasts only very briefly and produces two minor lava flows. Total lava volume: 23 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume (entirely from the NNE flank): more than 30 x 10⁶ m³
• 22-24 March 1883. Eruption on the southern flank, after intense seismicity and the formation of a fracture system extending from the summit to about 1000 m elevation. The eruption builds a row of very small cones, the largest of which is named Monte Leone. Lava volume: 0.01 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 0.1 x 10⁶ m³
• 1884-1885. Summit activity
• 18 May to 7 June 1886. Eruption on the southern flank, following a powerful summit explosion. The eruption builds a row of cones, the largest of which is named Monte Gemmelaro (in honor to the family of volcanologists from Catania who studied Etna during the first half of the 19th century). Lava comes very close to Nicolosi, now a part of the town is built on that lava. Lava volume: 51 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 10 x 10⁶ m³
• 1891. Summit activity
• June 1892. Summit activity
• 8 July to 29 December 1892. Eruption on the southern flank, south of Montagnola and north of Monte Gemmelaro, forming the spectacular row of pyroclastic cones named Monti Silvestri (in honor of the Italian volcanologist of the 19th century). This is the last strongly explosive flank eruption for more than 100 years (except for the 1974 eruption on the western flank, which, however, affects a sparsely populated area). Lava flows towards Nicolosi but without coming very close. Lava volume: 145 x 10⁶ m^3; tephra volume: 5 x 10⁶ m³ (this is probably an underestimate, since the pyroclastic cones of the Monti Silvestri alone are much larger than Monte Gemmellaro, formed six years earlier)
• 1893-1898. Summit activity; lava effusion within the Central Crater observed as early as July 1893
• 19 July to 5 August 1899. Powerful explosions from the summit crater
• November 1899. Beginnning of renewed summit activity that continued into the 20th century

Click here to see the list of eruptions since 1900

References

Romano R, Sturiale C (1982) The historical eruptions of Mt. Etna (Volcanological data). Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 23: 75-97.

Romano R, Sturiale C, Lentini F (coordinators) (1979) Geological map of Mount Etna (scale 1:50,000). S.EL.CA. Firenze (made available in: Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 23, 1982 and out of print long since).

Tanguy J-C (1979) Sur l'éruption de l'Etna en 1897 (Mont Umberto-Margherita). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, Série D 288: 1453-1456.

Tanguy J-C, Patanè G (1996) L'Etna et le monde des volcans. Didérot Editeur Paris, 280 p.

Tanguy J-C, Le Goff M, Chillemi V, Paiotti A, Principe C, La Delfa S, Patanè G (1999) Variation séculaire de la direction du champ géomagnétique enregistrée par les laves de l'Etna et du Vésuve pendant les deux derniers millénaires. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planètes 329: 557-564.

Copyright © Boris Behncke, "Italy's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Volcanology"